15:45
At the center of the Milky Way lies a dark beast, millions of times more massive than the sun, and everything in our galaxy rotates around it in a gentle dance. This is Sagittarius, a star. For decades, astronomers have tracked the orbits of its closest stars, and every observation has pointed towards the same conclusion. It is almost certainly a super massive black hole. But even with the publication of the iconic image that came from the event horizon telescope in 2022, it's important to remember that this hasn't yet been proven. And now fresh research is rewriting this familiar story. Sagittarius A star may not be a black hole at all, but a compact core of dark matter, one that spreads through and beyond the galaxy
into a vast spherical halo. This model not only challenges the consensus on the nature of Sagittarius A star, but also tackles one of the biggest unanswered questions out there. What is dark matter? Perhaps it's been at the very heart of our galaxy all along. I'm Alex Mccoan and you're watching Astramm. Join me as we explore a radical take on Sagittarius A star which could overturn everything we thought we knew about the very core of our galaxy. A theory that suggests it's a different beast entirely and that it connects and could even solve two of the biggest mysteries in modern physics. Around 27,000 lightyears from Earth, in the very center of our galaxy is Sagittarius, a star, a massive and extremely compact object shrouded in
dense clouds of interstellar dust that by its very nature we cannot observe directly. The first clues of its existence were found in the 1930s when Carl Jansky detected an unusual radio signal coming from the direction of the Sagittarius constellation. At the time, no one knew what it was. Black holes were still considered mere mathematical curiosities and hypotheses about what it might be buzzed around the scientific community. Could it be clouds of star clusters or perhaps remnants from a supernova? It wasn't until 1974 that it was identified as a single compact object by Bruce Balac and Robert L. Brown. Brown later named it Sagittarius A star. The theoretical groundwork for the existence
of black holes had been laid in the intervening decades, and it didn't take long before two and two were put together, and speculation grew that Sagittarius A star was likely one of gargantuan size. As observations improved in the 1990s, astronomers were able to see stars orbiting an apparently empty region of space at astonishing speeds. Since those stars must be under the influence of something millions of times the mass of our own sun, they became the strongest evidence we have for a super massive black hole. The path of these stars, termed s stars, became remarkably wellmapped. They are the closest known stars to Sagittarius A star and move at speeds of up to 24,000 km a second which is around 8% the speed
of light. One of them S2 completes a full orbit in just under 16 years. For context, our sun takes more than 200 million years to complete its orbit of the galaxy. By tracking the orbital motion of these S stars, astronomers can calculate the size of whatever it is that is sitting at the heart of the Milky Way. In fact, the researchers who did this won the Nobel Prize in physics in 2020. Just like many modern-day astronomical endeavors, this discovery was a truly international effort. Scientists from all over the world made up the teams who did these calculations and to do so would have required them to communicate
despite their differing native languages. And that's where today's sponsor, Babel, comes in. It's one of the top language learning apps in the world. And what I personally really like about it is that it's all backed by science and led by real language pros. More than 650 experts have curated lessons which can be done on the app or even through podcasts. And researchers from both Yale University and Michigan State University say it will help you start speaking the language in just 3 weeks, which is good news for me because my Spanish is in serious need of a refresh before I head out to Spain in August to watch the eclipse. Instead of useless vocabulary and forced phrases, Babel focuses on practical realworld
conversations, which is already giving me the confidence I'll need to ask for off thebeaten path directions. Order food and truly connect with the people sharing this rare celestial experience. Hola, Alex. Whether you're traveling the world for an upcoming astronomical event, boosting your career, or want to open your mind to a new culture, Babel is offering Astron viewers 55% off subscription by clicking the link in the description below or scanning the QR code on the screen. And it's well worth a try as they even have a 14-day money back guarantee if it's not for you. For now though, let's head back to the center of the galaxy where two independent teams
led by Reinhardt Gensel at the Max Plank Institute and Andrea GZ at UCLA found that Sagittarius A star has a mass of around 4.3 million suns and it's confined to a region only 23.5 to 25 million km across which is small enough to fit within the orbit of Venus. Their Nobel prize was shared with Roger Penrose who provided the mathematical proof that black holes are a direct consequence of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. It seemed that Sagittarius A star's status as a super massive black hole was cemented. But detail here is important and the official citation on Gensel and GZ's Nobel Prize reads for the discovery of a super massive compact object at the center of our galaxy. And whilst the consensus is that Sagittarius A star is
a super massive black hole, it has not actually been proven and scientists are still testing alternative ideas. In fact, it's never been the only possible explanation, and other theories have been around since the first detection of Sagittarius A stars radio signal. But the discourse moved to the fringes as other possibilities, such as a star cluster, were eliminated as the SAR data built over the decades. But some ideas remain including boson star models which propose that Sagittarius A consists of bzonic particles, gravis stars, dark matter cores surrounded by a shell of high energy matter and compact cores which are made entirely of dark matter. To understand why these ideas have
persevered in the literature, we need to consider what we don't know about Sagittarius A star. And it's here we find one of the greatest unsolved problems in astrophysics. How do super massive black holes form? Well, here's the simple truth. We don't know. Stellar and intermediate mass black holes, which range from a few times the mass of our sun up to 100,000 solar masses, form when a massive star uses up its nuclear fuel and collapses in on itself. Under certain conditions, including the starting mass of the star relative to the remaining core, these violent deaths leave behind a black hole. This process is very well understood and the signatures of these
black holes are well observed. Some astronomers estimate that there may be as many as 1 billion stellar black holes in the Milky Way alone. But Sagittarius a star is a completely different category. At 4.3 million solar masses, it is far too large to have formed from the collapse of any known star. There simply are no stars massive enough to collapse and form a black hole of this scale. Once more, by definition, we cannot observe black holes directly. They do not emit light and photons that cross the event horizon become trapped. Their existence is only inferred by the effects they have in their surroundings. And this leaves the door a jar for alternative theories. and an elegant one
hit the headlines in February 2026. Valentina Kresby at Institute of Astrophysics La Plata in Boros Aries studies dark matter at galactic scales. She and her collaborators statistically compared an alternative black hole model, one where Sagittarius A star is composed of a dense dark matter core to the observational data of S2 and five known G objects. G objects are a unique class of objects discovered in the early 2000s. They behave like stars but look like gas, visibly changing shape as they move closer to Sagittarius A star. distorting under the influence of its intense gravity. It's thought they could
be compact dust clouds or stars cloaked in a thick shroud of gas and dust. This strange shifting morphology would need to be replicated by any models challenging the super massive black hole consensus. And that's exactly what Cresby set out to do. Her aim was to determine whether a dark matter core could reproduce the behavior of S2 and the G objects to the same level of precision as the black hole model. Published in the monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society in February 2026, the results were remarkable. A dense core of dark matter in this model could reproduce the orbits with less than 1% difference to the black hole model.
What this means is that you cannot tell the difference between a dark matter core and a black hole with the observational data tested. Both have the same gravitational effects on S2 and the G objects. Even more remarkable is that this model has implications far beyond the nature of Sagittarius A star. Kresby and her international collaborators propose that it solves another huge mystery in physics. What dark matter is made of. To understand how significant this is, we first need to take a small detour and unpack what we currently know about dark matter. I'll cover it in summary here, but for a deeper dive, please check out my other video about the recent possible
observation of dark matter. Dark matter was first proposed by Fritzviki in the 1930s after he observed that galaxies in the coma cluster were moving too fast for known physics to explain. With relative speeds of more than 2,000 km a second, these galaxies should have flung themselves apart if the gravity holding them together was proportional to the matter he could see. Something else was adding mass to the system and he termed it dark matter. Later observations saw something similar in the rotation of galaxies. Stars in their outer regions orbit at speeds that cannot be explained by visible mass alone. Dark matter must be providing the extra mass to maintain these velocities.
And it turns out it permeates the known universe. Closer to home, it is thought that the Milky Way is surrounded by a dark matter halo, a vast and disused sphere stretching far beyond the visible disc of stars and gas. So, in a situation not dissimilar to the one I described earlier, we know dark matter exists through the gravitational effects it has. And current models suggest that dark matter makes up about 85% of the matter in the universe. But we don't know what it's made of. It doesn't emit, reflect, or absorb light in any known way, and it has not yet been directly detected. There are a number of candidates in the race to identify dark matter, with axons and wimps the most widely studied.
An intriguing paper published in November 2025 may have found a telltale annihilation signal associated with wimps in historic data from the Fmy telescope. But snags remain and the dark matter question is still open. And this is where the team at La Plattera comes back in. They propose that dark matter consists of dark fiance, a candidate that is not expected to produce any detectable signals at all. It's an idea that was first put forward by astrophysicists Rufini and Bonazola in and it's been fizzling in the background ever since. Firmians are subatomic particles including electrons and quarks with half integer spin and are basic building blocks of matter. Of crucial importance for us is that they obey the
poorly exclusion principle. No two identical firmians can occupy the same quantum state. In other words, they cannot be in the exact same location in space with the same energy and the same spin at the same time. This is a fundamental rule of quantum mechanics and a key reason why matter doesn't collapse in on itself and why we can't walk through solid walls. This is a property they share with the proposed dark theians. They are posited to be elementary particles too, but they only interact with the rest of the universe gravitationally, not electromagnetically, making them dark. Because of the poorly exclusion principle, dark theians cannot be infinitely squeezed together. They push back and resist collapse. So they
could coalesce and under the right conditions build up huge amounts of internal pressure. This results in an ultra dense stable object which in theory could reach masses similar to a super massive black hole. Proponents of this model including the group leader at Llata, Dr. Carlos Aguas, suggest that a core of theionic dark matter would be so dense that it would in every observable sense be indistinguishable from a super massive black hole. But unlike black holes, such cores would not form a singularity nor have an event horizon. And that's not all. Fionic dark matter would extend beyond a compact core, naturally forming a distinctive structure that diffused through the galaxy and beyond to form a halo. Put
most simply, it's proposed that Sagittarius A star and the dark matter halo are not two separate objects. They are two parts of the same continuous structure made from theionic dark matter. This is something no other Sagittarius A star hypothesis does. In every other scenario, the compact object and the dark matter halo are two distinct structures. This is the only theory that unifies what we see in the galactic center with the hypothesized dark matter structure of the galaxy. It's incredibly elegant and rather convincing, I personally think. Now, as we've seen, one of the key pieces of evidence for dark matter's existence is how galaxies and the stars within them rotate. Something is adding mass and
influencing their speed. ESA's Gaia mission is bringing extraordinary detail to this picture. Its aim is to accurately measure the motion of 1 billion stars as they orbit the center of the galaxy from its inner regions to the outer disc. And the published data in 2022 brought an intriguing twist to this tale with particular importance to the theionic dark matter model. Gaia revealed something totally unexpected at the outer edges of the galaxy. A slowdown in the rotation of its outer arms called Kepleran decline. This presented a problem for the standard picture of our galaxy. Most dark matter models cannot reproduce this observation. But theionic dark matter, thanks to our old friend, the poorly exclusion principle, could form a dark
matter halo that is a clearly defined sphere. It would have a sharper boundary than other dark matter candidates. And this would naturally lead to the drop off in speed observed by Gaia. In other words, Gaia is not just mapping stars. It's tracing the distribution of gravity across the Milky Way. There are other observations that can show us gravity's effects in our galaxy. And the most well-known takes us back to where it is strongest, the extreme environment around Sagittarius A star. This enigmatic image from the event horizon telescope published in 2022 was widely described as the first direct image of our black hole shadow. Again, the devil is in the detail here. What the EHT image shows is glowing hot matter
circulating Sagittarius A star bent into a ring by the object's extreme gravity, which is consistent with a black hole. We're also seeing a shadow against the surrounding glowing gas. In a 2024 publication, Agues and his team demonstrated that a dense fionic dark matter core could mimic this shadow because its extreme gravity would bend light just as strongly, producing an image almost indistinguishable from the black hole scenario with current instrumentation. As Kresby describes it, our model not only explains the orbits of stars and the galaxy's rotation, but it is also consistent with the famous black hole shadow image. The dense dark matter core can mimic the shadow because
it bends light so strongly, creating a central darkness surrounded by a bright ring. And if it turns out to be true, this theory comes with some other exciting implications. Thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers are able to peer deep into the past, imaging galaxies whose light has taken so long to reach us that we're seeing them as they existed less than a billion years after the Big Bang. Something interesting has been found in the center of some of these galaxies called little red dots. These are thought to be compact masses, hundreds of millions or even billions of solar masses in size. And it's very difficult to explain what they are. How
could something so large form in such a short time scale? Since their discovery a few years ago, there have been hundreds of papers and almost as many theories that attempt to explain them. Fermionic dark matter cores fit remarkably well here too because they could be established far earlier in the history of the universe than a super massive black hole. In the dense conditions of the early universe, theionic dark matter would have been able to clump together to form compact configurations without needing any other starting point such as stars at all. which would explain why we can see extremely massive objects so early in the historical cosmic record. But before
I get too far ahead of myself, let's take stock for a moment. We have SAR and G object orbits, the GIA rotation curve, and the EHT shadow. A thermionic dark matter model can reproduce these current observations with striking accuracy. But as the teams are quick to point out themselves, their theory is not proven and their work has not shown the black hole model to be wrong or shifted the consensus view. It is still considered most likely that Sagittarius A star is a super massive black hole. But what Kresby Arguas and their collaborators have done is shown that a firmionic dark matter model cannot be ruled out by current data and it deserves a closer look. And beyond our current abilities
to detect, there is a signature unique to black holes that could help settle the matter. around a true black hole. The intense gravity near the event horizon can force photons to spiral multiple times before they disappear beyond it, never to emerge again. This phenomenon called photon rings would not exist around a dark matter core because dark firmians would resist being squeezed into a singularity in the first place. The dark matter core remains a stable, dense sphere rather than a bottomless pit. Without the event horizon, light is simply bent by the core's gravity and flies away rather than getting trapped in the endless loops that create a photon ring. Imaging such a structure around Sagittarius A star is actively
being worked towards. NASA's black hole explorer mission aims to launch a new space-based radio telescope which would link directly to the next generation EHT. Such an endeavor would create a virtual telescope larger than Earth, but it could be decades before this comes to fruition. In the meantime, the gravity interpherometer at the VLTI in Chile is being continuously developed. This interferometer is already tracking the perisenter procession of S2's orbit, measuring the subtle changes in its orbital path with each loop around Sagittarius A star. The direction of this shift and by how much could provide
further constraints for competing models to be tested against. At the other end of the scale, direct detection experiments like the neon experiment in South Korea are beginning to hunt for dark fian. Researchers are looking for the minute traces of energy resulting from a collision between a passing particle and an electron. If signals like this are detected, they could offer vital clues about the properties of dark matter and help us understand what it's made of. What I find so fascinating about the Fionic dark matter hypothesis is its elegance. For decades, two of the deepest mysteries in physics have been treated as entirely unrelated. The nature of the super massive object at
the heart of the Milky Way and the nature of dark matter that makes up most of the universe. The LLA team and their international collaborators propose that these problems are one and the same and it's compelling. If they are correct, it would change our understanding of Sagittarius a star and the universe itself. It's a bold claim and the consensus still points overwhelmingly towards a super massive black hole. But both are far from proven, reminding us that some of the most fundamental questions remain open even at the center of our own galaxy. Patreon members got access to this video adfree and more importantly they keep Astramm grounded in a community passionate about space not just YouTube AdSense and algorithms. So sign up with
the link in the description. Being a member means you're part of the reason Astramm can focus on the kinds of videos people actually want to watch. It's where our most engaged viewers are. people who care about learning, exploring, and seeing what's out there. If that sounds like you, join the Astro Patreon today and be part of where we're headed.
